Bible thlirna – Literature leh philosophy tarmit aṭangin

Mizo Kristiante mai bakah Mizo literature tana hlu em em he lehkhabu Bible Thlirna hi thuziak mal angin JF Laldailova’n a Thu Ngaihnawm Bu-ah a telh zeuh zeuh a, mi dang rawnna avangin bu pan téin a chhuah ve ta nghe nghe a. Bible thlirna hi no 1-8 thleng a awm a, a ziah hun chhung hi January 1978- May 1978 a ni a, a hnuah R. Lalrawna’n lehkhabu ṭha takin a chhuah ṭhatsak a, kum 2003-ah chhut hmasak ber chhuah a ni a, he chhuah ṭhatnaah hian a ziaktuin lehkhabu a puah nachhante kimchang takin a chhuahtu hian a ziak a, hla bua lehkhatui leh pencil-a tihdikna a siamna thlalakte dah tel a ni a, a hlu hle a ni.

He lehkhabuah hian literary device leh techniques chi hrang hrang hmuh tur a awm a, hei hian ṭawngkam hmanna kawnga a ropuina a tilang a. A sawi duh a sawina kawngah metaphor leh imagery hmuh tur a awm a, thil mawi ngaina tak a nihna a lantir a ni. Hemi pahnih hmang hian Mizo khawtlang nun a tilang thiam em em a, a thusawiah hian a chhiartute a teltir thiam hle bawk.

Cultural identity lam

Tunlai post-digital age hunah hlei hlei hian cultural identity hi chik taka kan ngaihtuah a tul awm e. Hnam anga kan nihna (identity) kan sawi chang hian hmanlaia an nunphung leh tih dan chauh pawm hi an tam em em a, chu'ng ho ngaihdanah chuan he identity hi ṭhang, danglam leh inthlak thei a ni lo va. Tun laiah chuan hetiang ngaihdan piah lamah culture inthlak theihzia te, Mizona awmzia tam takte chu vuantu mi thahnem tak an awm ve mek bawk. Luhrmann chuan kan nihna (identity) hian kan hun kal tawh leh tun hunin a siam niin a sawi (2006). Cultural element thar, entir nan, Mizo kan nihna a hmaa awm lo tun hnua lo piangte pawh thil awm thei a ni a; heng siamtuah hian hnam dang nena kan inlaichinnate pawh a tel thei a, ṭawng (language) pawh hi a pawimawh berte zinga mi a ni awm e.

Bible Thirnaah hian a ziaktu hian Mizo hnam chungchang leh kan hnam thil ngaihhluta vawnhim a ṭulnate a zep tel zauh zauh a; kawng ṭhenkhatah chuan closed concept (ngaihdan nghet leh mumal tak, sawh sawn mai mai theih loh) a nei tih loh rual a ni lo. Bible Thirnaah, “Mi fate’n an tawnga Bible chu a bu ang thlap vekin an siam thei bik ang a, Aigupta ram aṭanga a hranpaa Exodus bei tham ve hial deuhthaw keini Mizo hnam hian kan thei lo bik ang maw?” (Laldailova 72) tiin a sawi. Hetianga a sawi mai hi Mizo hnam a dah chungnun avanga a ṭha zawnga a chona ang pawhin a ngaih theih tho mai. Engpawhnise, Hebrai Bible (Masoretic Text) leh Thuthlung Thar inzawm put puta uncial (Grik ṭawnga thuziak hi tun hma chuan hawrawppui veka ziak niin a inzawm put put ṭhin a, ‘uncial’ tia sawi ṭhin a ni) a ziak aṭanga lehlin hrang hrang a awm. Heng Septuagint te, Targum te, Latin Bible (Vulgate), adt; English Bible hrang hrang–King James Version, Revised Version, The Good News Bible, adt. Heng thuziak inhlan chawnna (translation)-ah hian tihsual a awm nasa ṭhin hle a, Thuthlung Thar thuah pawh hian thu inang lo nuai thum vel zet chu a awm a ngaih a ni (Ralte 30).

Mi thiamte’n hetianga Bible thu inhlan chhawnnaa tihpalh avanga danglam thei hrang hrangte an sawi chu:

1. A bu hlui aṭanga an lak chhawnnaah thu ziah nawn tur vawi khat chauh ziah a nih tak avangin.

2. Vawi khat ziah tur ziah nawn avangin.

3. Tlar tawp thu inang avanga a kara thu lak kai hmaih avangin.

4. Tlar bul thumal inan vanga a kar thu lak hmaih avangin.

5. Ziak chhawn atana Bible thu chhiartuin a chhiar sual avang emaw, a ziak chhawngtuin a ri a lo dawnsawn sual avang emawa ziah sual a nihin.

6. Thu mal ṭhenkhat a dangte nena inzul tak ngaihfin avangin.

7. A bu hlui ziak chhawn tura an entawn phek sir emaw, phek mawng emawa a bu hmang hmasatuten note an lo ziah kha Bible thu pangngai emaw tia a bu thara lak chhawn tak mai avangin (Ralte 30).

Heng bakah hian tih luih avanga a thu danglam a awm bawk, hetiangin:

1. Hawrawp leh thuziak dan kalhmang (spelling and grammar) siam ṭhat avangin.

2. Bible thu vek, a anpui deuh hmun danga mi nen inmiltir tuma ziah danglam emaw belh emaw a nih avangin.

3. Bible ziak chhawngtuin Pathian thudik zawk hmu chhuak ta nia inhriaa a ziak awmsa a siam ṭhat avangin.

4. Kutziak bu hrang pahnih emaw a aia tam emaw aṭanga Bible thu lak khawm (collation) a nih avangin.

5. Kohhran thurin humhim emaw, nemngheh emaw tumna avanga thuziak awmsa belhchhah emaw tihdanglam emaw avangin (Ralte 30-31).

Hengte aṭanga chiang em em chu, Bible Thlirna ziaktuin lehlin dangte hi a ngaih anga famkim an ni bik lo va, ṭawng inthlak avang pawhin tih danglam a awm nualin a rinawm.

Postcolonial mit aṭangin

Postcolonial thlirna aṭanga han thlir chuan Bible Thlirna hi thuziak hausa tak a tih theih awm e; thuziak phena thu awm chhiar thiam tan chuan hemi chungchanga he lehkhabu ziaktu ngaihtuahna hi hmuh fiah theih ruak a ni. Postcolonialism leh a chhehvelah chuan buaina hrang hrangin bu an khuar a; heng buainate hian postcolonial theory-te hi a hring chhuak kan tih pawhin kan sawi sual tam lutuk awm lo ve. Postcolonial mit men fiahtirtu chu dodalna (resistance) a ni. Dodalna hian zalenna te, nihna (identity)-ah te harh tharna a pe a, huaisenna a keng tel bawk. Awpbehte thinlungah chuan nihna (identity) hi a fiah har em em a, a awptute tih dan leh nunphung chu an tih dan leh an nunphunga a chan tak vang a ni. He thu tlangauna atana hmanraw pawimawh leh ṭangkai em em chu thuziak a ni.

Mi rual rem lo zawnga lo ṭan fo pawh hi atthlak a nih bakah a hahthlakna lai a tam dawn mai. Pu V. Rosiama pawhin, “Zosapthara te ang thu phuah thu tling hlei lo i sawisel peih chhung chu i lehkhabu siam engmah hi ka leisak tawh lo vang che,” min lo ti thlawt mai a; tun thleng hian chu a thutiam chu a la phelh ta lo (Laldailova 121).

He thusawia chiang em em chu missionary-te chungchang te, kohhran chungchang leh kohhran mi hmasate chungchang a nih tawh chuan sawisel thiang lo anga ngaihna hi a lian hle a. An dik tawk lohna heti hian a sawi.

A Mizo ṭawng chheh dik loh vanga a thu sawi tum hriat thiam a har tawh tehlul nen, Sapthara hian awmze hloh pumpuhlum ṭhak titih khawpa thu kaihtawi a ching reng reng… ‘pawhin’ tih aia ‘pawhan’ te a ti zel ang hian, ‘aṭangin’ pawh a ti duh lo a nih hi. Ṭawng dik aiin ṭawng dik lo hman hi a ngaina reng reng (Laldailova 204-205).

Vun ngo ho ngaihsanna leh ngaih ropuina chu nasa teh mah se, mi huaisen leh rilru fim tlem té awmte chu hmuh hmaih rual an ni lo. Heng mite hi Mizote zinga postcolonial thlipui tlehtirtu hmasate an tih theih ang.

“Zosap-ho chang an ni lo kan tih tawh kha,” (Laldailova 124) tia a sawi angin Bible Thlirnaah hian Mizo Kristian, Mizo ngei kuthnute pawh a chip nasa a. Chuvangin, Zosap ho tawngpawng huatna lam a kâwk lo va; pathian ang hial deuhthawa ngaihna chu paih thlain, keini anga tisual ve thei, hre sual ve thei an nihna angin an thiltiha a dik tawk lo lai chu a hai lang mai a ni. Ama ṭawngkamin min hrilh angina, Zosapte chauh pawh ni lovin, kan Mizo pui ngeite pawh a chipin a sawisel a, postcolonial chungchang kan sawina a nih avangin Zosapte kan han thlur bing deuh a ni mai e.

Theology and Social Theory-ah John Milbank chuan heng social theory hrang hrangte hian a tak ram (reality) an entir niin an sawi a (2006). Postmodern social theory phei chuan a chak leh thiltithei zawk nih inchuhna (power struggle) hi sakhaw hrang hrangah a nasa em em a, Kristianteah pawh a bâng bik lo. Zosap missionary-te chungchangah pawh hian a chîk peihte chuan power struggle an hmu nasa em em a, hei hian postcolonial rau a rawn kai harh a tih theih a ni.

Postcolonial-in aw chhuah thei lote tana aw a chhuah hi a Pathian thu hle a. Bible-ah pawh mi hnuaihnung zawkte aw chu mi thiltithei zawkte’n an hliahkhuh fo tih a lang. Isua leh Paula te pawhin Pathian ram chu mi hausate tana thlen harsa tak a ni a, naupang leh he khawvela mi thiltithei ten an awpbehte lakah a inpuang thung si a ni (Matthaia 11:25; 1 Korinth 1: 18-29). Chuvangin, Bible Thlirna pawh hi khawvel thil anga lang ni mah se, heti zawnga han thlir chuan a lo Pathian viau a ni. Postcolonialism chungchang chu duhtawk dawn tawh ila, a tawp nan hei chauh hi – Wesley Ariarajah chuan, Kristian mission hi invauna leh hnam bil leh khawtlang ṭhen darhtu a ni a, Kristiante kohhran hi a lo dawngsawngtu hnamte mil a ni lo a ti (Jeyakumar 2002).

Existentialism thlirna aṭangin

Existentialism chu philosophy of existence tiin an sawi ṭhin a. Bible Thlirnaah hian ṭawng (language) hnam anga kan nihna a zawnnaah hian kan mawhphurhnate hai lan a ni a, hei hi existentialist thlirna aṭanga thlir a remchang hle.

“Eng ngati nge kan Mizo Bible ṭawng hi heti khawpa a dik lohva a ulh bikna aw?” tiin ka inngaihtuah ṭhin a. Kan hla bu lian hla thu aṭang hian chumi chhanna chu ka hre chhuak ta a. Mi thil ngaihtuah chiang vak lo chuan, “Hmanlai ṭawnghmang leh tunlai ṭawnghmang a inan tawh loh vang alawm,” te an ti liam thla rawk ṭhin a. A ni lo! A ni ther te lo… Kan Bible leh hla thu ṭawng a lo dik loh ṭhinna chhan hi chu kan Zosapho leh anmahni pui tura an Mizo lak luh hmasakte vang kha a lo ni chiah chiah mai a. Hei hi hla thu aṭanga ka man chhuah a ni e, ka tih tawh kha (Laldailova 1,3).

Sartre-a’n mahni tan chauh a ni tawh lo va, mihring zawng zawng tan a ti (Jean-Paul Sartre, “Existentialism is Humanism”. Trans Philip Mairet) ang deuhin JF-a pawh hian amah chauh a inngaihtuah lo va, Mizo hnam tana dikna a duhzia a lang chiang hle – …kan Duhlian ṭawng dik, tluang, mawi leh ropui tak mai tlusawp chhe tawh tun din leh nan hian kan hmaa hnawksak ber mai pathian tenau biak taka Zosapho biak kan lo tumna rilru kha (hi) kan paih bo hmasak a ngai dawn niin ka hre ta (Laldailova 6).

Hei mai a ni lo va, Zosapho kekawr mawng ṭet hi ṭhangthar zel turte’n an hmu ve ang tih hlauva belsaka thawm ṭhat ka lo rawt laiin anmahni pawngpaw ṭan tlattute hian, “An mawng a pawp lo ve. Nang zu lo hrut tawh ṭhin rui ṭhing hian i ngaihbel mai mai a ni e,” tiin ṭawngka ringawta thuam mawi an lo tum ṭhin a… Ṭul lo leh dik vak chiah bik si lova hla thu an tihdanglam vak vak ngam tho si hi chuan he’ng mualphona hi thawm ṭha vat vat zawk se a duhawm ngawt ang. Chu chu Zosapho duh dan pawh kha a ni ngei zawk ang. Mizo ṭhangtharte (ṭhangthar Mizote) ngaiha chhan duhawm tak, fiah dawl ngei chhuan tur neia hming mawi chu an thlahlel ve bawk ang (Laldailova 9-10), tia a sawite hian hnam anga Mizote hmakhua a ngaihzia a hriat theih awm e. Hemi ruala pawimawh em em chu mimal zalenna hi a ni a; miin zalenna a neih rual hian duh thlan theihna a nei nghal a. He duh thlan theihna hi mihring anga kan nunhonaah hian a lairil pawimawh tak a luah avangin existentialist thlirna aṭanga han thlirin hmun a luah thuk em em a. Chuvangin, Bible Thlirnaah pawh hian existentialism hnuhma a hmuh theih a ni, a ziaktuin ṭhangtharte’n duhthlanna dik an thlan theihna atana a kawhhmuh aṭang hian.

Cultural Relativism tarmit aṭangin

Zir mite chuan Cultural Relativism hi chi hnihin an ṭhen a – absolute leh critical. Absolute Cultural Relativist te chuan hnam bil inrelbawlna chu pawn lam aṭanga zawh (question) emaw sel emaw theih niin a hre lo va; critical cultural relativist te erawh chuan hnam tih dan phung hrang hrangte leh thuneihnate an chik ṭhin a ni. JF Laldailova hi critical cultural relativist a nihna chu hmuh tum ṭalh tan chuan a awm maithei a, Bible Thlirna bu erawh chuan absolute cultural relativist a nihna hi a tar langsar zawk a ni.

…kan mi thiam chhuanawm tak tak ṭhenkhatte’na hnam kaihhruai tum ahneka a lau leh zalen - zawnga thu laa, “Hnam ṭhanglai ṭawng hi chu a ṭhang ve zel a; English pawh a chuti a khati ve kumkhua bawk alawm. Hun inher hi kan chelh khawtlai thei chuang lo vang. Ṭawng hi chu rilrua thil awm inhrilh tawnna hmanrrua mai a ni a, kan thu sawi tum kan inhriatthiamsak theih phawt chuan a tawka ngaih zel mai tur,” tia (a Sap ṭawng takah) “pessimistic” pawh ni tawh lo, “fatalistic” rilru an pu ta mai hlawm a (Laldailova 74), tia a ṭawngkam a nei hian absolute cultural relativist nihna a hmehbeltir a. Hei bakah hian Zosap-te ṭawngkauchheh a sawina a, kan pi leh pute Duhlian Ṭawng grammar lo dikzia ṭhin kha ka sawi lang ta fo mai a; chutiang sawi ngam tura chhan ṭha ka neih ring lo hi in lo tam mai thei e. Kan Bible leh Hla Bu Lianah te hian han en mah ula, Zosap-ho thusawi tawpna chu “e” tih hi a ni duh khawp mai… Pu Lloyd-a “Matthaia Ziak Hrilhfiahna” bu-ah phei chuan phek tin tih theih deuhthawah hetiang ṭawngka hi a awm. He’ng leh, “(thlan) kawngkaah chuan lung pakhat a awm” tih leh “tu mah la zalhna ngai loh thlan thar pakhat a awm” tih ṭawng bung tak maite hi Geometry ṭawngkam a an em hlawm avangin “Enunciation” tiin an hming ka vuah mai ṭhin a ni (Laldailova 74-75), tia a sawi te hi Zosapte thuziak a sawisel a ni satliah lo va, amaha critical cultural relativism-in hmun a chan lohzia tilangtu angin a ngaih theih a ni.

Bible Thlirna hian JF Laldailova, social critic a nihna a lantir a, heng a sawiselte hi a ṭhahnemngaihna aṭanga lo chhuak a ni tih hai rual a ni lo. He thu a khel chungchanga lehkhathawn a dawnte leh a chhanna a dahte hian he lehkhabu hi epistolary writing (thuziak dan chi khat lehkhathawn leh diary anga ziah hi epistolary writing an ti a ni) huangah a dah a ni. 

- Debbie Rinawmi