Hringnun hi ka ṭahpui ṭhin (‘Phengphe Nunnêm’ tih hla Marxist Criticism Hmanga Sawi Zauna)

“Phenphe nunnêm leh zaidam,

Vahkhuai, Tho leh Hmiripa'n

Parzu dâwn za thlir changin,

Hringnun hi ka ṭahpui ṭhin”

Phengphehlep, Khuai, Tho leh Fanghmirte'n pangpar pakhat, mawi em em mai a par zu an lo tlân za chu kil khat aṭangin a lo thlir dauh dauh reng a. Anni chuan thil pakhat chu inngeih tláng takin an inṭawm a, an dâwn za a – tu mah reng intibuai a, inhau loin. Tu mah reng initsîk a, intai loin. Tu mah rengin, ‘Ka ta a ni a, ka hlawkna atan chauhin ka hmang tur a ni,’ han ti an awm lo. An mamawh zawn ṭheuhah, an mamawh tawk chu an ring tláng. Chu ngei chu a ni, kil khata lo thlirtu chuan a hmuh ni.

Tichuan hringfate a han thlir a, a ṭap ta tlat mai – kil khata lo thlirtu chu. Hringfaten leilung rah chhuah (nature) ram zau pui pui leh a chhunga awm tui-hna, thing leh mau leh vawiina hausakna atana an hman hmanrua chi hrang hrangte rin tlân chu sawi loh an inchuh a, lehkha phêka number leh Vai pachal thlalak chuanna hmang loin inpek mai mai theih a ni lo. Ram zau pui puiah te chuan ramri an kham a, ram an duh belh leh laifei chawiin an indo mai. Chuti reng reng chuan hringfate chu an khawsa si. Sakhaw vawn inan loh avangin an inmausâm a, thisena an inzawm loh avang chauhin an inthat a, an hnam thisen pawh ‘a sen tak’ bik chuang miah si lo! Mahse, inthliar nan tak an hmang si.

Thlirtu chuan chuti ang hringfate nun chu Phengphehlepte nen a han khaikhin a, “Anni thilsiamte hi chuan inngeih takin pangpar zu an tlân za thei – nang chu i dum bik, raltlan i ni bik, Muslim i ni bik, inti miah loin,” chuti ang nun duhawm leh awhawm chu hringfate chuan kan nei thei si lo, tiin kil khata lo thlirtu hla phuah thiam Zirsangzela Hnamte chu hringfate nun ṭahin a lo kiu vawng vawng a ni.

Marxist Criticism Chu

Tuna kan sawi mek hi hla phuah thiam leh mi ril Zirsangzela Hnamte hla, ‘Phengphe Nunnem,’ tih a cháng thumna a ni a. Pâwl 12 zirlaiah pawh telh a ni nghe nghe. He a cháng thumna phei hi chu hei aia hla thu mawi leh ṭha hi thu leh hla tualzawlah a awm leh chuang awm lo e, ka ti hial a ni. Tichuan, he hla hi Marxist criticism tarmit aṭangin kan thlir ang a, kan sawi zau dawn a ni.

Marxist Criticism hi Karl Marx leh Friedrich Engels-a te zirtirna aṭanga lo chhuak a ni a. Literature lamah Georg Lukács, Antonio Gramsci, Louis Althusser, Terry Eagleton, leh Raymond Williams ten an rawn chhawm nung. He criticism-ah hian ei leh bar dinhmun leh ram inawpna (economic and political elements) chu thuziak an tehna pawimawh ber a ni. Marxist literature chuan mi hausate hnuaia hnathawktute (workers) dinhmun khirh tak hnehsak chu a tum a ni bawk. Literature hi art mai ni loin, sum, class, thuneihna leh resource nen a inzawm tlatna chu an hmu thiam ṭhin. Economic base (sum leh pai, ram leh resources neitu) hian superstructure (culture, politics, sakhua, art, literature) chu a thunun. Entir nan: Capitalist society-ah chuan mi hausa (owner) te hian culture an thunun a, eng ang literature nge tihchhuah a, tihlar ṭha tih chu a nghawng fo ṭhin. Marxist-ten thuziak an chhiar hian heng hi an chîk ṭhin–he thuziak hian hausakna, class, leh thuneihna chungchâng eng nge a sawi? Engtin nge mi rethei leh hausa te ai a awh (represent)? Thuziak hian roreltute chu a thlawp nge a dodal? Engtin nge economic system hian a thawnthua a changtute nun a siam a, a nghawng? Tute nge an aw (voice) bengkhawn ni ve lo? Entir nan, J.K. Rowling kut chhuak ‘Harry Potter’-ah khan Dobby ang house-elves te hi wizard bawih an ni a. Goblin-ten bank enkawl mah se rin kai an ni ngai lo a, mi dangte nen ang khata en an ni ngai lo. Dikna chanvo an nei lo. Wizard tam zawk chuan hei hi thil pangngai angin an ngai a. Thawnthu chhunga mi ṭha tia sawi–Harry, Ron, leh Dumbledore-te pawhin he inthlauhna hi an chik tak tak lo. Hermione chauh khan elf te dinhmun hniama an awm chungchangah zawhna zawh nachang a hria a, mahse mi dangte nuihzat bur mai a ni. Hei hian inthlauhna (inequality) hi thup a nih dan leh thil pangngaia pawm (normalised) a nih dan a tilang chiang hle. Wizards te hi ruling class an ni a, elf leh goblins te chu working class an ni thung. A tawpah pawh inthlauhna hi chinfel a ni lo a, saltanna emaw, chi inthliarna emaw do a ni tak tak lo tih a lang a. He thawnthu hian he kalphung dik lo hi thil pangngaiah leh awm ve tur rengah min ngaihtir a ni. Marxist criticism chuan heti ang kalphung dik lo hi hai langin, thawnthu chhung leh a ziaktu rilru put hmang pawh pho chhuah a tum ṭhin.

Tin heti hi a ni a, mihringte chanchin hi mi khawsa thei – resource neitu leh dam khawchhuahna tura rim taka hna thawh ngaite inkar chingchivêtin a siam a ni. Marxist critics te chuan literature hi thûrna leh alna nei lo a ni lo an ti a. Terry Eagleton-a (1976) sawi angin, “Literature hi khawtlang (society) laka hrang a ni lo a, khawtlang (society) aṭanga lo chhuak a ni zawk,”. Hla te, poetry te leh thawnthu te hian khawtlang dinhmun dik tak a lantir chang a awm fo a, inthlauhna (inequality) dodalna kawngah hna ropui thawktu a ni fo mai.

Nature – Intluktlânna Entirtu

He hla ‘Phengphe nunnêm’ chang thumnaa kan hmuh angin Phengphehlep te, Khuai te, Tho leh Fanghmirte'n pangpar pakhat zu chu an dâwn za a. Neitu bik pawh an awm chuang lo a, pangpar zu tlân turin inthliarna leh inenhranna a awm chuang lo. Khual leh tual pawh an dang chuang lo, chutin rethei leh hausa pawh. Eng mah phût let loin pangpar chuan a zu chu a thlawnin a pe a, kha’ng rannungte khan an mamawh chu an dawng vek a ni. Marxist-ten hei hi intluktlânna an thlirna chu a ni a tih theih ang. He hla phuahtu hian heng thilsiam (nature) te hian resources an insem tlângin, neitu bik awm loin an inṭawm a, hringfaten an nghilh tawh kalphung dik chu ben harh nan entirnaah a hmang niin a lang.

Karl Marx leh Friedrich Engels-a te khan hmasang khawtlang (society)-ah khan ‘primitive communism’ an kalpui niin an sawi a, chutah chuan resources chu mimal ta bik awm loin an insem. Mimal thil neih bikna (private property) a lo chhuah achinah inthlauhna (inequality) hmuh theihin a rawn inlar chauh a, chu mimalin leilung rah chhuah thilte ama siam leh awmtir ni awm ang ziazanga a lo neih bik ve ringawtna kalphung chuan khawtlangah class pahnih – mi hausa leh rethei lo awmin, an inṭhen ta phawk a nih chu, anni ṭhian dun thlirna tlângah chuan. Chu tak chu a ni he hlaah hian kan hmuh chu – hringfaten an nghilh tawh kalphung dik chu heng thilsiamte hi chuan an la zawm, leilung rah chhuah thilsiamte chu an mamawh tawk ang zelin an insem.

Eng vangin nge hringnun chu a ṭahpui tak le?

Zirsangzela Hnamte khan kha'ng rannung intluktláng taka an khawsa za kha a hmuhin hringfate nun erawh inthlauhna (inequality)-in bu a khuar tlat. Kha'ng rannung ang lo tak khan, hringfate chuan leilung rah chhuah thil (natural resources) te chu an mimal thil (private property)-ah chanin, inchhek arbawm nana hman a nih theihna tur kalphung (system) chu an duang chhuak hlauh thung si a, chu'ngte chu Zirsangzela Hnamte lung tichhetu tak pawh a ni mahna le!

Hei hi ‘capitalism’ innghahna chu a ni. Leilung rah chhuah hmanga inchhek arbawm tum – neitu chan chang (bourgeoisie/ruling class) te hian ram, hausakna, thuneihna leh hmanrua te an nei a, hnathawktu pawl (proletariat/working class) te erawh chuan an dam khawchhuah theih nan an hna an thawk a, an thlantui far zat pawh pek let an ni ngai lo. Heng kuthnathawktute thlantui hmang hian an inhai vur a ni! Duhâmna leh mahni hmasialnaten lalṭhutthleng an luah hma kha chuan mihring nun hi heti ang a ni ngai lo, tih he hlaah hian a lang chiang a. He hlaa kan hmuh rannungten pangpar zu an insem ang bawkin khawtlang pawh hi duhâmna aiin dikna lungpuia sain a din theih. Chu chu he hlain min hrilh tum pakhat pawh a niin a lang. Tunah chuan kan hria a, ei leh in mahnia zawn theihna tur resource inṭawm tlân kan nei tawh lo. Pawisa nei apiangte ta a ni vek tawh. Chu’ngho hnuaiah chuan hnathawktute leh mi nawlpuite chu kan kûn tawh. ‘Zalen’ chu min ti ve ang, mahse, tihluihnain an hnuaiah kan thawh a ngai, a nih loh chuan damkhawchhuahna turin duhthlan tur dang kan nei tawh lo. Sal ang maiin min chhawr a ni ber tawh.

Zawhna Pawimawh Inphûm chu

“Ngai teh u, heng thilsiam rannungte pawh hian intluktlángin an insem thei a, eng vangin nge mihringte hian kan theih ve loh?” tiin he hla phuahtu hian zawhna rûnthlak min zawt ni mai hian ka hre ṭhin. Rannung leh mihring khaikhinna hla hian eng vangin nge miten inthlauhna (inequality) chu thil pangngai anga an pawm tih zawhna a siam. Philosopher Antonio Gramsci (1971) khan heti ang thu-hla hi hegemony ngaih dan hmangin a sawi fiah. Thuneihna leh hausakna inkawp laltiang chelhtu (ruling class) te chuan an hausak bikna leh thu an neih bikna chu tharum hmang chauha sawhnghet loin, anni leh mipui nawlpui retheia awmte inkara inthlauhna (inequality) awm chu thil awmze nei leh thil pangngai anga lang turin zirtirna mipuiteah an tuh nghet tlat a ni, tiin a sawi. Mi tam tak chuan mimalin ama siam leh awmtir pawh ni loa thu a nei ringawt te, ramri a kham ringawt te leh hausa tak an awm laia mahni chaw kaw puar pawh hmu zo lo an awm thu-hlaah te chuan, “Eng vangin nge heti ang hi an awm,” tih zawhna pawh zawt loin an pawm tawp mai ṭhin. Thil kal dan tur reng emaw an ti a ni ber tawh.

“A..he khawvelah hi chuan mi rethei leh hausate chu an awm tur alawm,” tiin hman aṭangin zirtir kan ni a, “Eng vangin nge anni an hausak laiin anni an retheih bik, engatinge anni kherin an tuar” tih pawh kan ngaihtuah thei tawh lo a nih hi! Anmahni siam ni bik miah lo, leilung rah chhuah liau liau chu an lo ta neih ve ringawt a, an hausakpui a ni, tih pawh kan ngaihtuah thleng phak ta lo! Nimahsela, he hla hian chu ideology chu a dodal. He hlaa kha’ng rannung khawsak phungah khan intluktlânna hi thil awm thei leh leilung dan awm sa a ni zawk tih min hriat nawntir a ni. Marxist critic Raymond Williams-a'n, thu leh hla hi ‘resources of hope’ tiin a ko a. Thu leh hla hi mitin hnena khawvel ṭha zawk beiseina pe thei a ni, a tihna a ni deuh ber. He hla kan sawi mek pawh hi thilsiamte aṭanga nun dan tur zirin, intluktlânna khawvel ṭha zawk a awm theihna tur beiseitu suangtuahna aṭanga lo chhuak a ni a ti theih.

Individualism leh Mimal neitu nihnaah kai lawk ila

Marxist criticism hian mimal dah pawimawh uchuakna (individualism) a dodal bawk. Individualism chu mimal tinte hi mahni thawhrimna chauhin an hlawhtling emaw, an hlawhchham emaw tih rinna a ni a. Individualism hian heng leilung rah chhuah thil (natural resources) hi mitin ta tur chanchin ṭha a nihna chu a ngaihthah. Pangpar, tui, lei, ramngaw, boruak pawh hi mi pakhatin a siam a ni lo a, mi tu emawin heng hi a lo hman a, a lo hlawhtlinpui a nih chuan ama theihna leh thawhrimna vang liau liau ni loin, leilungin a pek chu a hmang ve mai a ni. Pangpar, tui, lei, ramngaw, boruak leilung rah chhuah an ni a, mi zawng zawng ta an ni.

Miin lui emaw, ramngaw emaw a lo ta neih ve ngawt chuan leilungin mitin tana a thilpek chu mimal hausaknaah a chantir tihna a ni a. Pu Karl Marx-a'n hei hi class inequality lungphum a tih kha a ni mai awm mang e. Mimal tumahin leilung rah chhuah thil (natural resources) chhehvelah ramri kham theihna an nei lo, a chhan chu anmahni siam chhuah an nih loh vang a ni. He hla hian he thudik hi a lantir: pangpar chu kha'ng rannung zawng zawng tan khan a inhawng a, mi pakhat ta bik a ni lo. Mahse, hringfate erawh chuan ramri kan kham tlat thung a, mi tam takin an chan ve tur leilungin a pek pawh an hmuh ve loh phah a, chan a lawi nei ve lote chu he khawvelah hian an lo rethei ta em em a ni. Hausa bik leh rethei bik te chu hmun tinah an awm tak hi!

Tlipna

Zirsangzela Hnamte khan hringfaten hnam leh chi, sakhua sawi loin kha'ng rannungte ang khan inngeih taka kan mamawh kan insem tlân a, mitinin an dikna chanvo chang a, intluktlânna leh inremna chu kan tualzawlah chhingkhual chang tawh lo se, a ti ni berin a lang a. He a duhaisam ram, a tak ram chang thei si lo hringnun hi a lo ṭahpui kan tih tawh kha. Ni, heti ang duhaisam ram a thlenna daltu chu “A theih tak tak lo ang,” tih ṭawngkam hi a ni fo. Mahse, he kan awmna khawvel hi awm lo ata awmah a indinna khawvel a ni tih theihnghilh suh ang u.-

- Davis Hriatpuia