GOOD GOVERNANCE: MIZORAM HMATHLIR - Part I

Tunah chuan sawrkar thar Mizoramin kan nei ta a. Kohhran, NGOs te leh mipuite nen tang tlangin kan thawkho thei ngei turin beiseina sang tak kan nei vek mai. Kalphung thar, mipui sawrkar din a nih theih dawn tak avangin Pathian hnenah lawmthu awm rawh se. ZPM thuvawn: ‘I ram, i hnam leh i sakhua humhim la, hmasawnna hna thawk rawh’ tih hi humhim ngei turin duhsakna sang ber ka hlan e.

Ram leh hnam hmasawnna tura pawimawh tam takte zingah ram leh hnam leh sakhaw humhim tih te, leh ‘development’ hian ngaihven a hlawh a, kan politician te pawhin an hmatheh a ni ṭheuh mai. Union Territory kan nih aṭanga chhutin Legislative Assembly kan neihna kum 50 zet a lo ni ta der mai. Nimahselsa, development chungchanga kan mutan ber eng nge ni ang le? Thuneihna leh mawhphurhna, sum leh pai thlenga insem zai hi tunlai khawvel kalphung thar a lo nih tak mek avangin ram inrelbawlna, governance, chungchang i lo thlir thuak dawn teh ang.

Decentralization Ṭobul

Indopui II-na thleng kha chuan ram chhunga buh leh thlai leh thil danga hmasawnna, physical growth, a awm phawt chuan development tih a ni mai ṭhin a. Indopui II-na hnu lam erawh kha chuan ngaihdan dang a lo piang ta. A chhan chu ram hmasawnna khan India ang, developing countries,ah chuan mipui nawlpui tana hamṭhatna thlen ahnekin thingtlang mite tan retheih lehzualna a thlen zawk a ni. Chuvangin, Human Development Report 1990 chuan “Development in a tum ber bulpui ber chu mipuite hamṭhatna a ni. Kawngpui hawn tur chu mi tin tan nun pangngaia an nun theihna tura ‘income’ pek a ni. Kawng dang hawn turte chu dam reina te, hriatna te, politics-a zalenna te, mimal himna te, khawtlang huapa rorelnate leh ‘human rights’ te hi an ni. Mihring hi ‘economic creature’ mai a ni lo tih hriat a ṭul. Mihring leh development chungchang zir tiphurawmtu chu eng ang chen chiahin nge ‘human capacity’ hi pawh sei theih a, hman tangkai theih anih dan hi a ni.”

Kum 1950 hma lam kha chuan khawvel ram tam takah rorelna a lu aṭanga pumhmawmna, centralization, a hluar a. Hmasawnna tura ruahmanna hrang hrang avangin pawh a awm ngei. Mahse, 1970 bawr vel aṭang kha chuan heng hmasawnnate hi khawpui leh a chhehvela thamralin, Central Sawrkar hian thinglang mite hamṭhatna a thlen thei lo a ni tih khawvel hmun hrang hrangah hmuh chhuah a ni ta. Ram changkang, developed countries-ten ṭanpuina an pek reng reng pawh ‘trickle down theory’ an tih zulzuiin Europe emaw USA aṭangin emaw, ram khawpui, capital-ah lo lutin, chuta ṭangin State khawpui ah, chuta ṭanga thingtlang thleng phak chu tih tham a ni ta mang ṭhin lo a ni. Mipui tam zawkin basic amenities - education, healthcare facilities, housing, livelihood security an chan tawh lohna hmunah development leh dihna, social justice, hi a kalkawp ngei tur a ni tih hi au chhuahpui a lo ni ta a. Hei vang hian development kalpui dan kalphung tidanglam dawrhin, paradigm shift, a lo ni ta a ni.

Tichuan, State (India ramah chuan Central leh State sawrkar te) chanvo leh mawphurhna hmuh dan pawh a lo danglam ta dawrh bawk a ni. State hi pawimawh hle mah se, direct-a development thlentu ni ber tawh lovin thingtlang mite nena thawkho (partner) ang leh, kawng tam taka ṭanpuitu, (medium) niin infrastructure leh sum leh paia bul tumtu, facilitator, ni zawk tura ngaih a lo ni ta a ni. Hemiin a ken tel nghal ngei ngei chu rorelna insemzai, decentralization a ni lo thei lo ta bawk a ni. Hei hi World Development Report 1997 khan a rawn rawt chhuak ta a ni.

Kum 1980 bawr vela Latin America rama democracy ram ni ve lote an lo tlakchhiat tak avang te, Europe ramah pawh kum 1990 vela an lo sawprawp tak deuh avang te, democracy ram an lo pun deuh tak avangte hian decentralization uar lehzual a lo ni ta bawk a. IMF leh World Bank te pawhin decentralization leh democracy te hi a taka a thlen theih nan te, inrelbawlna ṭha zawk, good governance, a lo awm theih nan te, a pawimawh a ni tih an lo puang chhuak ta bawk a. Minorities nihna dinhmun chelhtute zingah pawh heng a hnuaia ramah te hian mahnia inrelbawl duhna leh thuneihna sang zawk neih duhna a lo hluar ta mek bawk a. Chung ramte chu Belgium, Wales, Quebec, Scotland, Malaysia, Mexico, Philippines, India, Yugoslavia, Baltic ramte leh tun hmaa USSR ram peng lo ni tawh ṭhin te kha an ni (Cheema & Rondinelli 2007). Hetiang tak hian decentralization hian Latin America ram te, Asia ram te, Africa leh Europe chhak lam ramte chu kum 1970 vel aṭang khan a rawn nghawr nghing a, kum 1980 kha chuan uar lehzual niin, kum 1990 vel phei kha chuan a lo chiah hneh ta hle a ni (Chemma & Mookherjee, 2006). USA leh Europe ram dangah te pawh tunlai khawvelah chuan kalphungah an lo neih ta fur hlawm a ni.

Chemma leh Rondinelli(2007) te bawk chhut dan chuan khawvela mihring maktaduai 5 chung lam awmna ram 75 zinga ram 12 te chauh tih lohah chuan ram dang 63 te chuan, decentralization hi kum 1990 a lo nih meuh kha chuan an lo kalpui ta vek a ni, an ti. Kum 1999 ah phei kha chuan democracy ram ngatah chuan zaa 95 te chuan decentralization hi an lo kalpui ta bawk a ni. An chhut zelnaah phei chuan kum 2000-a khawvel ram 192 an survey te zinga 119 te chu democracy ram an lo ni ta bawk.

Tun hnai vai deuh aṭang kha chuan developing countries tia koh ram (India ang te) hmasawnna tur siam ṭhat hna thawh mekna chu, good governance emaw democratic governance emaw tih a lo ni ta ber a. Dahl leh Limblom (2002) te chuan hei hi tun hnaia political revolution nasa ber niin an ngai hial a ni. He ngaihdanah hi chuan sawrkar office tihlen vak vak aiin hna thawk ṭha thei tura thuam thar a kawk zawk a ni. Hei hi World Bank te, International Monetary Fund te leh World Trade Organozation an buaipui leh tuipui a ni bawk a. Hei hian a tum ber chu accountability te, transparency te, efficiency te tundin mai bakah civil leh human rights humhalh te, dan leh hrai kenkawh te a huam vek a ni.

Good Governance hi United Nations Conference on Least Developed Countries vawi hnihna, kum 1990-a neih tum pawhin hman lar hle a ni tawh a. Conference thutluknaah pawh ‘Good Governance hi ram hmasawnna hnuk a ni’ tih hial a ni. Good Governance-in a ken ber chu mipui retheihna umbo tura sawrkar leh, NGO leh civil society pawlten dan kenkawh chungchanga chak taka hma an lak theihna turin - (1)langtlang (transparency) administration te, (2) mipui inrawlh theihna thuk zawk, participation, te, (3) sawrkar chhanna, responsiveness, te, (4) mawhphurhna lak tak tak ngamna, accountability te, (5) dan ang thlapa thil tih, rule of law, te a huam vek a ni. Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP), United Nations peng, ve thung chuan, governance hi ‘good governance’ ni tur chuan corruption tirèm tura ṭan lak tak takna a awm ngei ngei tur a ni a, chutah chuan mi hnuaihnung leh chanhai zawkte ‘aw’ ngaihthlakin a awm ngei tur a ni, a ti a ni.

Hei vang tak hian accountability hi a pawimawh a, corruption leh eiruk ṭobul a nih avangin ngaih pawimawh hle tur a ni. Agrawal leh Ribot (1999) te chuan South Asia leh West Africa an zirna aṭangin upward leh downward accountability an chher chhuak a. Hetah hian thuneihna kengkawhtute leh chung lama hotute (upward) inlaichinna leh mipuite (downward) nena an inlaichinnate an pawimawh ve ve laiin, good governance ṭha ber berte chu upward accountability aiin downward accountability (thuneitute leh mipui inlaichinna) nei ṭhate an ni ṭhin, an ti a ni. Chutiangah chuan dan siam chungchangah te, khawtlang tana hamṭhatna tur chungchanga thutlukna siamah te, khawtlang mipuiten thu an nei ṭhin a ni. Brett (1993) pawhin mipui aiawh hotute chet vel dan check tur chuan dan mumal, hotute mawhphurhna leh mipuite beiseina innghahna chiang tak a awm ngei tur a ni, a ti bawk.

Tichuan decentralization atana hmalakna hautak ber leh ṭha ber chu devolution hi a ni a. Hei hi khawvel ram tam zawkah thil thar a ni bawk. Hei hian Central leh State sawrkar aṭanga thuneihna tualchhung sawrkar (local government) te hnena suan dawr a kawk ber a. Chutih rualin hei hian hian rorelna khawla thingtlang mite tel tam theihna dan tur a kawk nghal bawk a ni. Heta tana ngaih dan tlanglawn tak chu sawrkar leh, khawtlang hruaituten dik taka an mawhphurhna an hlen chhuah theihna tura thuneihna an hman dik leh dik loh check-tu tur civil society leh NGO chak tak an awm a ngai, tih hi a ni. (Ostram 1990, Putnam 1993). Mizoramah chuan student association hrang hrangte bakah YMA, MHIP leh MUP te kan nei a. Hengte hian tun aia nasa zawka an dinhmun an hriat chian a, nasa taka tan an lak a ngai dawn a ni. Blair (2000) chuan Bolivia te, Honduras te, India te, Mali te, Ukraine leh Philippines te aṭanga experience a khawnkhawm aṭangin ‘civil society chakna apiangah Mipui chanvo a sang a, accountability pawh a sang fo ṭhin,’ a ti bawk a ni.

Meenakshi Sundaram (1999) chuan China leh Nigeria rama decentralization kalpuitute aṭanga ngaihdan siamin, decentralization hlawhtling tura thil pawimawh pathum hetiangin a tarlang a;

• Sawrkar sang zawk (Central leh State) aṭangin duh tak takna (political commitment) a awm ngei tur a ni

• Thutlukna siam (decision-making) chungchangah leh programme bawhzuina (implementation) ah local local government ten thuneihna (autonomy) zau tak an nei tur a ni

• Local level-ah sum leh pai (resource) hai chhuahna bul nghet a awm ngei tur a ni. Tin, Crook& Manor (1998) te pawhin heng a hnuaia mite hi an pawimawh an ti bawk.

• Mipui thlan local level hotute hian sum an mamawh tawk an nei tur a ni.

• Mahnia thuneihna sang tak an nei ngei tur a ni

• Accountability hi mipui thlan hotuten mipui laka an bat a ni a, sawrkar hnathawk (official) te pawhin mipui thlan hotute laka an bat a ni bawk

India ramah

Kum 1991 khan India-in ram dang nena insumdawn tawnna (Balance of Payment) chungchanga harsatna a tawh tak avangin IMF ah ṭanpuina a dil a. IMF phutna avang leh hmun hrang hrang aṭanga nawrna avangin India ram chu reforms programme nei turin a inpuahchah ta a. Heta reform prograame hi decentralization leh good governance a innghat tlat a ni ta a ni. IMF mai ni lovin Asian Develoopment Bank (ADB) te, United States Agencies for International Development (USAID) te, Department of International Development UK (DFID) te, Netherland Organization for International Cooperation (NOVIB) te pawhin decentralization leh good governance reform hi ṭanpuina condition atan an rawn dah zui ta bawk a.

Hetiang tak hian reformation hi Central ah ṭan hmasa phawtin State sawrkarah pawh tih a ni ta zel a, State ṭhenkhat Andhra Pradesh (Mooji 2003); Rao 1998), Gujarat (Dholakia 2000, 2003) te an chak deuh a, State ṭhenkhat dang Bihar (Nayer 2004) ang te an hnufual deuh a ni. Heta ṭang hian development agencies hrang hrang - IMF bakah Asian Development Bank te pawh telin - developing ramte hnenah ‘good governance package’ hi tlangzarhin, loan emaw ṭanpuina chi reng reng chu hetiang zulzuia pek a ni ta hlawm a ni. India Five Year Plan Sawmna (2002-2007) pawhin ‘Governance chungchang hi development hmatheha dah a ni’ tiin a dah ta a ni.

Kum 2006-a Transparency International Corruption Perceptionb Index ah chuan Finland, Iceland leh New Zealand te chu khawvela ram corrupt lo berte an ni a, Haiti chu corrupt ber a ni thung. Heta corruption tehna atan hian public office mimal leh chhungkaw hlawkna atana hman (abuse) chu an ngai pawimawh ber a. Tichuan, officials te leh politicians ten an office an abuse dan aṭangin corruption hi an teh ta a ni. Tehna scale hi point 10 (corrupt lo ber) aṭanga zero (corrupt hluar) thlenga hman a ni. Tehna scale a point 5 hi buaipui thama corrupt leh corrupt lo ramri a ngaih a ni a. India ram chu tehfung scale ah 3.3 a ni a. Corruption hi India ramah buaipui tham khawp a tling tihna a ni.

Tichuan, India Five Year Plan in good governance a tih kaihhruaina chu hengte hi an ni:

• Sawrkar chu hmun tinah a langtlang (transparent) in, rin ngam (accountability) a ni tur a ni. Accountability in a ken tel tlat chu corruption umbo a ni. Corruption hi India rama governance-a kan tlin lohna lian tak a ni. Transparency leh accountability hian mipui tan participation a hring chhuak ngei tur a ni.

• Sawrkar chu a chakin mipuite hamṭhatna tur chu a hun takah a thlen ngei tur a ni, chu chu a awm chhan ber a ni si a. Mawhphurhna local government-ah hlan a nih rual rualin, an mawhphurhna hlen chhuak thei turin ṭanpui leh vil reng an ṭul a ni.

• Local government te hian mumal nei taka hnathawk thei tur chuan thuneihna pek an ṭul a. Tuna an dinhmunah chuan PRI te hi an mawhphurhna hlen chhuak thei turin fund leh functionaries te an nei ṭha tawk lo a ni.

• Rule of law hi fel taka zam a, zawm ngei tur a ni.

• Rorelna (governance) kalphung hi fel taka ruahmana kalpui a ni tur a ni. Mi harsa zawkte chawikanna turin hma lak a, huapzo sawrkar din ngei tur ni.

India Constitution-a Directive Principles of State Policy (Panchayat din leh thingtlang mite hamthatna) rawtna zulzuiin Community Development Programme kha kum 1952 ah din a ni a. Kum 1956 khan Second Five Year Plan khan Village Panchayat te hi mumal taka inrelbawlna neiin zawi zawiin an thuneihna leh mawhphurhna pawh tih len zel tura rawt a ni a. Hei hian Balwantrai Mehta Committee kum 1957 khan a hring chhuak a. Mehta Committee hian rah a chhuah ṭha viau a, kum 1959 kha chuan State tin deuhthawah Panchayat system hi din a ni ta a ni. Kum 1980 kan han chuankai meuh chuan Mizoram, Meghalaya, Nagaland leh Lakshadweep UT te tih lovah chuan State leh UT dang 14 te chuan tier thum neiin an awm a, State leh UT 4 ah chuan tier hnih neiin, State leh UT 9 ah te chuan tier khat chauh neiin an function ta hlawm a ni. Kum 1977 khan Ashoka Mehta Committee siam a ni leh a. Kum 1978 leh 1986 inkarah Committee hrang hrang eng emaw zat siam zui a ni bawk a. Heng Committee te hian rawtna hrang hrangte an siam hlawm a. Local government te tih chakna tura rawtna zingah Mehta Committee rawtna - decentralization programme ah district level hi a hnuk pawimawh a ni tur a ni, tih hi kalpui zel a ni ta a ni. Mahse India dan pui, Constitution-a nemkai a nih loh chuan heng rawtna te hian awmzia a nei thui thei ṭhin lo va, chuvangin Constitutional Amendment a ṭul a ni tih hi ngaihdan tlanglawn a ni zui ta a ni.

Hei hian 73rd leh 74th Constitutional Amendment te hi a rawn nghawng chhuak ta a ni. Heng Amendment te hian India ram local government kalphung a rawn tidanglam ta dawrh a. Heng Amendment ten an tum chu India democratic ruangam chhungah local level-a sawrkar ten thuneihna zau tak an neih theihna turin a ni. Nimahsela, Schecule VII kaihhruaina angin local government hi State thuneihna huang chhunga mi a ni a, chuvangin, a tak chantir (implementation) chu State sawrkar mawhphurhna a ni miau si a ni. State in dan (legislation) hmangin ruahmanna a siam a ngai tihna a ni. Mizoramah hian kum 50 chhungin he lam hawi dan (legislation) kan siam meuh lo a ni.

Tichuan, Constitutional Diective Principle of State Policy leh 73rd leh 74th Constitutional Amendment te hmangin mawhphurhna leh thuneihna insemzai (democratic decentralization) dan tur chu ruahman a ni ta a. Thingtlang khaw kilkhawr berah pawh rorel khawl fel tak, thuneihna nei awm ngei tura tih a ni. Amaherawhchu, sum dinhmun a chau tlangpui rih a. Kum 2001 khan USA ah chuan local government te sum chanpual chu 15 per cent a ni a. Hemi kum vek hian India ramah chuan 3 per cent chauh a ni thung. Constitutional Amendment siam hnuah pawh State tam zawkah chuan sum (fund) transfer chungchangah te, mawhphurhna (functions) transfer chungchangah te, hnathawktu (functionaries) transfer chungchngah te kan la chak tawk lo hle. Kerala State khu an ti ṭha deuh ber zel a. Mizorma phei chuan hma kan la la lo hrim hrim ang a ni.

Kum 2004 aṭang kha chuan Ministry of Panchayti Raj din a lo ni ta hial a. Heta tang hi chuan mipuite pawhin beng kan lo chhi ve ṭan ta viau mai. Ministry of Panchayati Raj thil tum bulpui pathum, an agenda, berte chu - Empowerment, Enablement, leh Accountability te an ni. Hemi tinghet tur hian tuna kan neih mek institution (entirnan Village Council) te hi tihchak a, a kalphung leh hnathawh dan enṭhat a, chak tak leh fel taka langtlang thei si a, mawhphurhna hlen chhuak thei tura buatsaih a kawk a ni. Heng atan hian ombudsman siam te, social audit mumal zawk te, accounting system enthat te a ṭul dawn a ni. MGNREGA programme ah te pawh hian local government te hi planning leh implement chungchanga thuneitute an ni tur a ni. Mahse, hetah pawh hian line department leh parastatal te inrawlh nasat avangin kalphungin a nih tur ang a ni pha ṭhin lo. Tuna local government te harsatna tlangpui lo thlir ila:

• An mawhphurhna hlen chhuak thei turin sum an nei tawk lo va, hnathawktu an nei ṭha lo va, office leh infrastructure an nei ṭha tawk lo

• Sawrkar department hrang hrangte cooperation ṭhat tawk loh avangin decentralization planning tak tak kan la thleng pha lo.

• F pathum (three Fs) an tih ṭhin - Fund, Functions, Functionaries- te hian a nih tur angin thingtlang mite a la thleng pha lo.

• PESA (the Panchayat (Extension to the Scheduled Areas, 1996) hi implement a chak tawk lo. Hei hian Part IX provisions te hi Schedule V (Tribal Areas) ah hman ve tura ruahmanna a ni. Mahse hei hian Mizoram, Nagaland leh Meghalaya te a huam lo va. Mizorama non-Council Areas te hi huamtir ni se, a ṭha khawp ang.

• Sixth Schedule hnuaia village council te, Mizoramah chuan non-Council Area-a village council te nihna mumal tak neia siam ṭhat a ṭul hle.

Decentralization hnuk chu hei hi a ni. Central leh State sawrkar te hian local government ten anmahni khua/veng chhunga an hlenchhuah mai theih hrih loh items leh subjects te chauh an kengkawh ang a, a dang zawng chu local government kutah an hlan tur a ni. Tin, tuna an hlenchhuah mai theih loh subjects te pawh hlenchhuak thei turin an ṭanpui ang a, a ṭul ang zelin training an pe tur a ni. A theih ang anga tualchhung aṭanga sum an hai chhuah theihna tur pawhin thuneihna an nei tur a ni. Capacity building pawh anmahni ṭanpui turin a ṭul bawk ṭhin a ni.

India ram state ṭhenkhatah ṭha taka an function theih tawh laiin, state eng emaw zatah harsatna a la awm ta cheu va. A chhan ber chu panchayat leh local bodies te hi local level-a sawrkar- mawhphurhna mumal leh chanvo nei an ni tih kan hriat tawk loh vang emaw, hriat duh loh vang emaw a ni. Hei hian a hnuaia harsatnate hi a thlen fo ṭhin.

• Devolution ṭha tawk lo. State tam takah 3 Fs te local government units ah transfer an ni lo.

• Central leh State Development programme hnuaiah line department tam tak an function ve avangin local government te an chep a, an thawh tur angin an thawk ṭha thei ṭhin lo.

• Elected local government official te dinhmun hi kan dah hniam a, an dinhmun dik tak an luah lo fo. Heng hruaitute hian hun tam tak sengin Block Office leh DRDA office ah te sum leh technical approval zawngin an kal fo a ngai ṭhin. Hei hian elected representative te dinhmun a tihniam a ni.

• Tied fund leh scheme hnuaia hna (activities) te hi a chang chuan tualchhung tan a ṭha ber lo fo mai.local government ten tidanglam turin thuneihna erawh an nei si lo.

• Gram Sabha hi tramsparency leh accountability atante leh, mipui nawlpui an tel ve theihna atan thuneihna pawh pek a ṭhat rualin, State ṭhenkhatah chuan Gram Sabha thuneihna leh chanvo chiang takin danah an nemkai lo va, tin, official te hrem theihna dan tur pawh an duang bawk lo a ni. Hei vang hian Gram Sabha ṭangkai tur angin an chhawr ṭangkai lo fo a ni.

- Prof.C.Nunthara